Wings-For-Icarus![Philippines and Negritos,”Little Black people”
With an estimated population of about 94 million people, the Philippines is the world’s 12th most populous country. An additional 11 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago’s earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
The Negrito are a class of several ethnic groups that inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia.[1]
Their current populations include 12 Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands, six Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand, and the Aeta, Agta, Ati, and 30 other peoples of the Philippines. Reports from British traders also speak of negrito people on Borneo (Sarawak). (Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXIX, part 1, 1956)
Negritos share some common physical features with African pygmy populations, including short stature, natural afro-hair texture, and dark skin; however, their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is still a matter of great speculation. They are the most genetically distant human population from Africans at most loci studied thus far (except for MC1R, which codes for dark skin).
They have also been shown to have separated early from Asians, suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from an early migration out of Africa, commonly referred to as the Proto-Australoids, or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans.[2]
The term “Negrito” is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e. “little black person”, referring to their small stature, and was coined by early European explorers.[3]
Occasionally, some Negritos are referred to as pygmies, bundling them with peoples of similar physical stature in Central Africa, and likewise, the term Negrito was previously occasionally used to refer to African Pygmies.
Being among the least-known of all living human groups, the origins of the Negrito people is a much debated topic. The Malay term for them is orang asli, or original people.
They are likely descendants of the indigenous Australoid populations of the Sunda landmass and New Guinea, predating the Austronesian Mongoloid peoples who later entered Southeast Asia.[5]
Alternatively, some scientists claim they are merely a group of Australo-Melanesians who have undergone island dwarfing over thousands of years, reducing their food intake in order to cope with limited resources and adapt to a tropical rainforest environment.
Anthropologist Jared Diamond in his bestselling book, Guns, Germs, and Steel suggests that the Negritos are possible ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians and Papuans of New Guinea, groups regarded as Australoid.
A number of features would seem to suggest a common origin for the Negritos and African pygmies, especially in the Andamanese Islanders who have been isolated from incoming waves of Asiatic and Indo-Aryan peoples. No other living human population has experienced such long-lasting isolation from contact with other groups.[6]
These features include short stature, very dark skin, woolly hair, scant body hair and occasional steatopygia. The claim that Andamanese pygmoids more closely resemble Africans than Asians in their cranial morphology in a 1973 study added some weight to this theory before genetic studies pointed to a closer relationship with Asians.[6]
Other more recent studies have shown closer craniometric affinities to Egyptians and Europeans than to Sub Saharan populations such as that of African Pygmies. Walter Neves’ study of the Lagoa Santa people had the incidental correlation of showing Andamanese as classifying closer to Egyptians and Europeans than any Sub Saharan population.[7][8]
Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians.[5][9] Further evidence for Asian ancestry is in craniometric markers such as sundadonty, shared by Asian and Negrito populations.
It has been suggested that the craniometric similarities to Asians could merely indicate a level of interbreeding between Negritos and later waves of people arriving from the Asian mainland. This hypothesis is not supported by genetic evidence that has shown the level of isolation populations such as the Andamanese have had.
However, some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the “Negrito” groups of the Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, and Philippines.[10]
While earlier studies, such as that of WW Howell, allied Andamanese craniometrically with Africans, they did not have recourse to genetic studies.[5] Later genetic and craniometric (mentioned earlier) studies have found more genetic affinities with Asians and Polynesians.[6]
A study on blood groups and proteins in the 1950s suggested that the Andamanese were more closely related to Oceanic peoples than Africans. Genetic studies on Philippine Negritos, based on polymorphic blood enzymes and antigens, showed they were similar to surrounding Asian populations.[6] Genetic testing places all the Onge and all but two of the Great Andamanese in the mtDNA Haplogroup M, found in East Africa, East Asia, and South Asia, suggesting that the Negritos are at least partly descended from a migration originating in eastern Africa as much as 60,000 years ago. This migration is hypothesized to have followed a coastal route through India and into Southeast Asia, which is sometimes referred to as the Great Coastal Migration.
Ati woman, the Philippines, 2007.
Analysis of mtDNA coding sites indicated that these Andamanese fall into a subgroup of M not previously identified in human populations in Africa and Asia. These findings suggest an early split from the population of African migrants whose descendants would eventually populate the entire habitable world.[6]Haplogroup C and haplogroup D is believed to represent Y-DNA in the migration.[11]
Historical distribution
Negritos may have also possibly lived in Taiwan, where they were called the “Little Black People”. Apart from being short-statured, they were also said to be broad-nosed and dark-skinned with curly hair.[12] The little black population shrank to the point up to 100 years ago only one small group lived near the Saisiyat tribe.[12] A festival celebrated by the Saisiyat gives evidence to their formal habitation of Taiwan. The Saisiyat tribe celebrate the black people in a festival called Ritual of the Little Black People [12]
After the negritos on Taiwan, thousands of years before any Han came to Taiwan in 1600, the Aboriginal Austronesians moved into Taiwan. Estimates of their arrival date from 6,000-1,000 years ago from the Malay Archipelago, although it is controversial. Chinese historians called them “black dwarfs” in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220 to AD 280) and they were still to be found in China during the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1911). There are other stories about them in other aboriginals[13] and some archeological sites are attributed to them.[14]
According to James J.Y. Liu, a professor of comparative literature, the Chinese term Kun-lun (Chinese: ) means Negrito.[15] There are many stories about them.[16]Shandao, Geji , Juho, Wa and Koro-pok-guru peoples, are also said to be pygmies.[17]Haplogroup D (Y-DNA) are found frequently among some peoples living in the same area. In China, stone coffins were used by these peoples.[18]](http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lqqewblC221qh1z67o1_400.jpg)
With an estimated population of about 94 million people, the Philippines is the world’s 12th most populous country. An additional 11 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago’s earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
The Negrito are a class of several ethnic groups that inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia.[1]
Their current populations include 12 Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands, six Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand, and the Aeta, Agta, Ati, and 30 other peoples of the Philippines. Reports from British traders also speak of negrito people on Borneo (Sarawak). (Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXIX, part 1, 1956)
Negritos share some common physical features with African pygmy populations, including short stature, natural afro-hair texture, and dark skin; however, their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is still a matter of great speculation. They are the most genetically distant human population from Africans at most loci studied thus far (except for MC1R, which codes for dark skin).
They have also been shown to have separated early from Asians, suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from an early migration out of Africa, commonly referred to as the Proto-Australoids, or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans.[2]
The term “Negrito” is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e. “little black person”, referring to their small stature, and was coined by early European explorers.[3]
Occasionally, some Negritos are referred to as pygmies, bundling them with peoples of similar physical stature in Central Africa, and likewise, the term Negrito was previously occasionally used to refer to African Pygmies.
Being among the least-known of all living human groups, the origins of the Negrito people is a much debated topic. The Malay term for them is orang asli, or original people.
They are likely descendants of the indigenous Australoid populations of the Sunda landmass and New Guinea, predating the Austronesian Mongoloid peoples who later entered Southeast Asia.[5]
Alternatively, some scientists claim they are merely a group of Australo-Melanesians who have undergone island dwarfing over thousands of years, reducing their food intake in order to cope with limited resources and adapt to a tropical rainforest environment.
Anthropologist Jared Diamond in his bestselling book, Guns, Germs, and Steel suggests that the Negritos are possible ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians and Papuans of New Guinea, groups regarded as Australoid.
A number of features would seem to suggest a common origin for the Negritos and African pygmies, especially in the Andamanese Islanders who have been isolated from incoming waves of Asiatic and Indo-Aryan peoples. No other living human population has experienced such long-lasting isolation from contact with other groups.[6]
These features include short stature, very dark skin, woolly hair, scant body hair and occasional steatopygia. The claim that Andamanese pygmoids more closely resemble Africans than Asians in their cranial morphology in a 1973 study added some weight to this theory before genetic studies pointed to a closer relationship with Asians.[6]
Other more recent studies have shown closer craniometric affinities to Egyptians and Europeans than to Sub Saharan populations such as that of African Pygmies. Walter Neves’ study of the Lagoa Santa people had the incidental correlation of showing Andamanese as classifying closer to Egyptians and Europeans than any Sub Saharan population.[7][8]
Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians.[5][9] Further evidence for Asian ancestry is in craniometric markers such as sundadonty, shared by Asian and Negrito populations.
It has been suggested that the craniometric similarities to Asians could merely indicate a level of interbreeding between Negritos and later waves of people arriving from the Asian mainland. This hypothesis is not supported by genetic evidence that has shown the level of isolation populations such as the Andamanese have had.
However, some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the “Negrito” groups of the Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, and Philippines.[10]
While earlier studies, such as that of WW Howell, allied Andamanese craniometrically with Africans, they did not have recourse to genetic studies.[5] Later genetic and craniometric (mentioned earlier) studies have found more genetic affinities with Asians and Polynesians.[6]
A study on blood groups and proteins in the 1950s suggested that the Andamanese were more closely related to Oceanic peoples than Africans. Genetic studies on Philippine Negritos, based on polymorphic blood enzymes and antigens, showed they were similar to surrounding Asian populations.[6] Genetic testing places all the Onge and all but two of the Great Andamanese in the mtDNA Haplogroup M, found in East Africa, East Asia, and South Asia, suggesting that the Negritos are at least partly descended from a migration originating in eastern Africa as much as 60,000 years ago. This migration is hypothesized to have followed a coastal route through India and into Southeast Asia, which is sometimes referred to as the Great Coastal Migration.
Analysis of mtDNA coding sites indicated that these Andamanese fall into a subgroup of M not previously identified in human populations in Africa and Asia. These findings suggest an early split from the population of African migrants whose descendants would eventually populate the entire habitable world.[6]Haplogroup C and haplogroup D is believed to represent Y-DNA in the migration.[11]
Negritos may have also possibly lived in Taiwan, where they were called the “Little Black People”. Apart from being short-statured, they were also said to be broad-nosed and dark-skinned with curly hair.[12] The little black population shrank to the point up to 100 years ago only one small group lived near the Saisiyat tribe.[12] A festival celebrated by the Saisiyat gives evidence to their formal habitation of Taiwan. The Saisiyat tribe celebrate the black people in a festival called Ritual of the Little Black People [12]
After the negritos on Taiwan, thousands of years before any Han came to Taiwan in 1600, the Aboriginal Austronesians moved into Taiwan. Estimates of their arrival date from 6,000-1,000 years ago from the Malay Archipelago, although it is controversial. Chinese historians called them “black dwarfs” in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220 to AD 280) and they were still to be found in China during the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1911). There are other stories about them in other aboriginals[13] and some archeological sites are attributed to them.[14]
According to James J.Y. Liu, a professor of comparative literature, the Chinese term Kun-lun (Chinese: ) means Negrito.[15] There are many stories about them.[16]Shandao, Geji , Juho, Wa and Koro-pok-guru peoples, are also said to be pygmies.[17]Haplogroup D (Y-DNA) are found frequently among some peoples living in the same area. In China, stone coffins were used by these peoples.[18]
Dear charliedoom,
Though you’ve had some pretty great posts in the past it is time to part ways. I has come to my attention that due to the pornographic nature of your following, your posts have hindered my ability to experience all that tumblr has to offer. Thank you for all the joy you’ve brought to my page and others. Sorry i have to unfollow you.
Peace be with you….
LMAOF
This is a bad woman, use to bang her on the bus way back in highschool…the headphones that is!
And if you don’t know now you know
[some Jamaican gwal]
No matta wat we fyace
We mus face de moment of trut baybe
Chorus: Guru
They say it’s lonely at the top, in whatever you do
You always gotta watch motherfuckers around you
Nobody’s invincible, no plan is foolproof
We all must meet our moment of truth
Verse One: Guru
The same sheisty cats that you hang with, and do your thang with
could set you up and wet you up, nigga peep the language
It’s universal, you play with fire it may hurt you
or burn you, lessons are blessings you should learn through
Let’s face facts, although MC’s lace tracks
it doesn’t mean behind the scenes there ain’t no dirt to trace back
That goes for all of us, there ain’t nobody to trust
It’s like sabotage, it’s got me ready to bust
But I can’t jeapordize, what I have done up to this point
So I’ma get more guys, to help me run the whole joint
Cultivate, multiply, motivate, or else we’ll die
You know I be the masterof the who what where and why
See when you’re shinin, some chumps’ll wanna dull ya
Always selfish jealous punks, will wanna pull ya
down, just like some shellfish in a bucket
cause they love it, to see your ass squirm like a worm
But just as you’ll receive what is comin to you
Everybody else is gonna get theirs too
I ain’t no saint, therefore I cannot dispute
That everyone must meet their moment of truth
Chorus: Guru
Actions have reactions, don’t be quick to judge
You may not know the harships people don’t speak of
It’s best to step back, and observe with couth
For we all must meet our moment of truth
Verse Two: Guru
Sometimes you gotta dig deep, when problems come near
Don’t fear things get severe for everybody everywhere
Why do bad things happen, to good people?
Seems that life is just a constant war between good and evil
The situation that I’m facin, is mad amazin
to think such problems can arise from minor confrontations
Now I’m contemplatin in my bedroom pacin
Dark clouds over my head, my heart’s racin
Suicide? Nah, I’m not a foolish guy
Don’t even feel like drinking, or even gettin high
Cause all that’s gonna do really, is accelerate
the anxieties that I wish I could alleviate
But wait, I’ve been through a whole lot of other shit, before
So I oughta be able, to withstand some more
But I’m sweatin though, my eyes are turnin red and yo
I’m ready to lose my mind but instead I use my mind
I put down the knife, and take the bullets out my nine
My only crime, was that I’m too damn kind
And now some skanless motherfuckers wanna take what’s mine
But they can’t take the respect, that I’ve earned in my lifetime
And you know they’ll never stop the furious force of my rhymes
So like they say, every dog has its day
And like they say, God works in a mysterious way
So I pray, remembering the days of my youth
As I prepare to meet my moment of truth
(“You should know the truth
And the truth shall set you free” —> from _Who’s Gonna Take the Weight?_)
Verse Three: Guru
Yo I got one lyric pointed at your head for start
Another one, is pointed at your weak ass heart
Now if I pull the trigger, on these fully loaded lines
You’re gonna wish I woulda pulled a black nine, I mack dimes
Crack the spines of the fake gangsters
Yeah the bitin triflin niggaz, and the studio pranksters
Yo lookin at the situation plainly: will you remain G?
Or will you be looked upon strangely?
I reign as the articulator, with the greater data
Revolvin on the TASCAM much doper than my last jam
While others struggle to juggle, tricky metaphots
I explore more, to expose the core
A lot of MC’s, act stupid to me
And we have yet to see, if they can match our longevity
But anyway it’s just another day
Another fake jack I slay with my spectac’ rap display
Styles, smooth but rugged — you can’t push or shove it
You dig it and you dug it cause like money you love it
The king of monotone, with my own throne
Righteously violent prone my words bring winds like cyclones
Stormin your hideout, blockin out your sunlight
Your image and your business, were truly not done right
Throw up your he-Allah-I now, divine saviors
You got no hand skills there’s no security to save ya
No pager, no celly, no drop top Benz-y
I came to bring your phony hip-hop, to an ending
My art of war will leave you sore from the abuse
Cause you must meet your moment of truth
Chorus: Guru
They say it’s lonely at the top, in whatever you do
You always gotta watch motherfuckers around you
No one’s untouchable, no man is bulletproof
We all must meet our moment of truth
Kathleen Cleaver of the Black Panther Party breaks down Why we wear our hair like this 1968
Yeah man I can Digg it
Man…I swear this is probably the most advance jack off machine you could probably get. Making sperm delivery easier and easier lol
![[some Jamaican gwal] No matta wat we fyace We mus face de moment of trut baybe Chorus: Guru They say it’s lonely at the top, in whatever you do You always gotta watch motherfuckers around you Nobody’s invincible, no plan is foolproof We all must meet our moment of truth Verse One: Guru The same sheisty cats that you hang with, and do your thang with could set you up and wet you up, nigga peep the language It’s universal, you play with fire it may hurt you or burn you, lessons are blessings you should learn through Let’s face facts, although MC’s lace tracks it doesn’t mean behind the scenes there ain’t no dirt to trace back That goes for all of us, there ain’t nobody to trust It’s like sabotage, it’s got me ready to bust But I can’t jeapordize, what I have done up to this point So I’ma get more guys, to help me run the whole joint Cultivate, multiply, motivate, or else we’ll die You know I be the masterof the who what where and why See when you’re shinin, some chumps’ll wanna dull ya Always selfish jealous punks, will wanna pull ya down, just like some shellfish in a bucket cause they love it, to see your ass squirm like a worm But just as you’ll receive what is comin to you Everybody else is gonna get theirs too I ain’t no saint, therefore I cannot dispute That everyone must meet their moment of truth Chorus: Guru Actions have reactions, don’t be quick to judge You may not know the harships people don’t speak of It’s best to step back, and observe with couth For we all must meet our moment of truth Verse Two: Guru Sometimes you gotta dig deep, when problems come near Don’t fear things get severe for everybody everywhere Why do bad things happen, to good people? Seems that life is just a constant war between good and evil The situation that I’m facin, is mad amazin to think such problems can arise from minor confrontations Now I’m contemplatin in my bedroom pacin Dark clouds over my head, my heart’s racin Suicide? Nah, I’m not a foolish guy Don’t even feel like drinking, or even gettin high Cause all that’s gonna do really, is accelerate the anxieties that I wish I could alleviate But wait, I’ve been through a whole lot of other shit, before So I oughta be able, to withstand some more But I’m sweatin though, my eyes are turnin red and yo I’m ready to lose my mind but instead I use my mind I put down the knife, and take the bullets out my nine My only crime, was that I’m too damn kind And now some skanless motherfuckers wanna take what’s mine But they can’t take the respect, that I’ve earned in my lifetime And you know they’ll never stop the furious force of my rhymes So like they say, every dog has its day And like they say, God works in a mysterious way So I pray, remembering the days of my youth As I prepare to meet my moment of truth (“You should know the truth And the truth shall set you free” —> from _Who’s Gonna Take the Weight?_) Verse Three: Guru Yo I got one lyric pointed at your head for start Another one, is pointed at your weak ass heart Now if I pull the trigger, on these fully loaded lines You’re gonna wish I woulda pulled a black nine, I mack dimes Crack the spines of the fake gangsters Yeah the bitin triflin niggaz, and the studio pranksters Yo lookin at the situation plainly: will you remain G? Or will you be looked upon strangely? I reign as the articulator, with the greater data Revolvin on the TASCAM much doper than my last jam While others struggle to juggle, tricky metaphots I explore more, to expose the core A lot of MC’s, act stupid to me And we have yet to see, if they can match our longevity But anyway it’s just another day Another fake jack I slay with my spectac’ rap display Styles, smooth but rugged — you can’t push or shove it You dig it and you dug it cause like money you love it The king of monotone, with my own throne Righteously violent prone my words bring winds like cyclones Stormin your hideout, blockin out your sunlight Your image and your business, were truly not done right Throw up your he-Allah-I now, divine saviors You got no hand skills there’s no security to save ya No pager, no celly, no drop top Benz-y I came to bring your phony hip-hop, to an ending My art of war will leave you sore from the abuse Cause you must meet your moment of truth Chorus: Guru They say it’s lonely at the top, in whatever you do You always gotta watch motherfuckers around you No one’s untouchable, no man is bulletproof We all must meet our moment of truth](http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lqpxx8ViKk1qh1z67o1_1280.jpg)
